How to crack NEET UG 2024

UNIT I

Some Basic Concepts of Chemistry

• General Introduction: Important and scope of chemistry. Laws of chemical combination, Dalton’s atomic theory: the concept of elements, atoms, and molecules. Atomic and molecular masses.

Mole concept and molar mass; percentage composition and empirical and molecular formula; chemical reactions, stoichiometry, and calculations based on stoichiometry.

UNIT 2

Structure of Atom

• Atomic number, isotopes, and isobars. Concept of shells and subshells, dual nature of matter and light, de Broglie’s relationship, Heisenberg uncertainty principle, the concept of orbital, quantum numbers, shapes of s,p, and d orbitals,

Rules for filling electrons in orbitals- Aufbau principle, Pauli exclusion principles, Hund’s rule, electronic configuration of atoms, stability of half-filled and filled orbitals.

UNIT 3

Classification of Elements and Periodicity in Properties

• Modern periodic law and long form of the periodic table, periodic trends in properties of elements atomic radii, ionic radii, ionization enthalpy, electron gain enthalpy, electronegativity, valence.

UNIT 4

Chemical Bonding and Molecular Structure

• Valence electrons, ionic bond, covalent bond, bond parameters, Lewis structure, the polar character of covalent bond, valence bond theory, resonance, the geometry of molecules,

VSEPR theory, the concept of hybridization involving s, p, and d orbitals and shapes of some simple molecules, molecular orbital theory of homonuclear diatomic molecules (qualitative idea only). Hydrogen bond.

UNIT  5

States of Matter: Gases and Liquids

• Three states of matter, intermolecular interactions, types of bonding, melting and boiling points, the role of gas laws in elucidating the concept of the molecule, Boyle’s law, Charle’s law, Gay Lussac’s law, Avogadro’s law, ideal behavior of gases,

Empirical derivation of the gas equation. Avogadro number, ideal gas equation. Kinetic energy and molecular speeds (elementary idea), deviation from ideal behavior, liquefaction of gases, critical temperature. 
• Liquid State- Vapour pressure, viscosity, and surface tension (qualitative idea only, no mathematical derivations).

UNIT  6

Thermodynamics

• First law of thermodynamics-internal energy and enthalpy, heat capacity and specific heat, measurement of U and H, Hess’s law of constant heat summation, enthalpy of bond dissociation, combustion, formation, atomization, sublimation, phase transition, ionization, solution, and dilution.
• Introduction of entropy as state function, Second law of thermodynamics, Gibbs energy change for spontaneous and non-spontaneous process, criteria for equilibrium and spontaneity.
• Third law of thermodynamics- Brief introduction.

UNIT  7

Equilibrium

• Equilibrium in physical and chemical processes, dynamic nature of equilibrium, the law of chemical equilibrium, equilibrium constant,

Factors affecting equilibrium- Le Chatelier’s principle; ionic equilibrium- ionization of acids and bases, strong and weak electrolytes, degree of ionization, ionization of polybasic acids, acid strength, the concept of pH., Hydrolysis of salts (elementary idea).

Buffer solutions, Henderson equation, solubility product, common ion effect (with illustrative examples).

UNIT  8

Redox Reactions

Concept of oxidation and oxidation and reduction, redox reactions oxidation number, balancing redox reactions in terms of loss and gain of the electron, and change in oxidation numbers.

UNIT  9

Hydrogen

• Occurrence, isotopes, preparation, properties, and uses of hydrogen; hydrides ionic, covalent, and interstitial; physical and chemical properties of water, heavy water; hydrogen peroxide preparation, reactions, uses, and structure

UNIT  10

s-Block Elements (Alkali and Alkaline earth metals)

• Group I and group 2 elements:
• General introduction, electronic configuration, occurrence, anomalous properties of the first element of each group, diagonal relationship, trends in the variation of properties (such as ionization enthalpy, atomic and ionic radii),

trends in chemical reactivity with oxygen, water, hydrogen, and halogens; uses.

• Preparation and Properties of Some important Compounds:
• Sodium carbonate, sodium chloride, sodium hydroxide, and sodium hydrogen carbonate, biological
importance of sodium and potassium.

• Industrial use of lime and limestone, biological importance of Mg and Ca.

UNIT  11 

Some p-Block Elements

• General Introduction to p-Block Elements.
• Group 13 elements: General introduction, electronic configuration, occurrence, variation of properties, oxidation states,

Trends in chemical reactivity, anomalous properties of the first element of the group; Boron, and some important compounds: borax, boric acids, and boron hydrides. Aluminum:
uses, reactions with acids, and alkalies.

• General 14 elements: General introduction, electronic configuration, occurrence, variation of properties, oxidation states, trends in chemical reactivity, anomalous behavior of the first element. Carbon, allotropic forms, physical and chemical properties: uses of some important compounds: oxides.

• Important compounds of silicon and a few uses: silicon tetrachloride, silicones, silicates, and zeolites, their uses.

UNIT  12

Organic Chemistry- Some Basic Principles and Techniques

• General introduction, methods of purification qualitative and quantitative analysis, classification, and IUPAC nomenclature of organic compounds.
• Electronic displacements in a covalent bond: inductive effect, electromeric effect, resonance, and hyperconjugation.
• Homolytic and heterolytic fission of a covalent bond: free radials, carbocations, carbanions; electrophiles and nucleophiles, types of organic reactions.

UNIT 13

Hydrocarbons

• Alkanes- Nomenclature, isomerism, conformations (ethane only), physical properties, chemical reactions including free radical mechanism of halogenation, combustion, and pyrolysis.

• Alkanes-Nomenclature, the structure of double bond (ethene), geometrical isomerism, physical properties, methods of preparation: chemical reactions: addition of hydrogen, halogen, water, hydrogen halides (Markovnikov’s addition and peroxide effect), ozonolysis, oxidation, mechanism of electrophilic addition.

• Alkynes-Nomenclature, the structure of triple bond (ethyne), physical properties, methods of preparation, chemical reactions: acidic character of alkynes, addition reaction of- hydrogen, halogens, hydrogen halides, and water.

• Aromatic hydrocarbons- Introduction, IUPAC nomenclature; Benzene; resonance, aromaticity; chemical properties: mechanism of electrophilic substitution-Nitration sulphonation, halogenation, Friedel Craft’s alkylation, and acylation; directive influence of the functional group in mono-substituted benzene; carcinogenicity and toxicity.

UNIT  14

Environmental Chemistry

• Environmental pollution: Air, water, and soil pollution, chemical reactions in the atmosphere, smogs, major atmospheric pollutants; acid rain ozone and its reactions, effects of depletion of the ozone layer, greenhouse effect and global warming-pollution due to industrial wastes; green chemistry as an alternative tool for reducing pollution, strategy for control of environmental pollution.

UNIT  1

Solid State

• Classification of solids based on different binding forces; molecular, ionic covalent, and metallic solids, amorphous and crystalline solids (elementary idea), unit cell in two-dimensional and three-dimensional lattices, calculation of density of unit cell, packing in solids, packing efficiency, voids, number of atoms per unit cell in a cubic unit cell, point defects, electrical and magnetic properties, Band theory of metals, conductors, semiconductors and insulators.

UNIT  2

Solutions

• Types of solutions, expression of concentration of solutions of solids in liquids, the solubility of gases in liquids, solid solutions, colligative properties- the relative lowering of vapor pressure, Raoult’s law, elevation of boiling point, depression of freezing point, osmotic pressure, determination of molecular masses using colligative properties abnormal molecular mass. Van Hoff factor.

UNIT  3

Electrochemistry

• Redox reactions, conductance in electrolytic solutions, specific and molar conductivity variation of conductivity with concentration, Kohlrausch’s Law, electrolysis, and Laws of electrolysis (elementary idea), dry cell- electrolytic cells and Galvanic cells; lead accumulator, EMF of a cell, standard electrode potential, Relation between Gibbs energy change and EMF of a cell, fuel cells; corrosion.

UNIT 4

Chemical Kinetics

• Rate of a reaction (average and instantaneous), factors affecting rates of reaction; concentration, temperature, catalyst; order and molecularity of a reaction; rate law and specific rate constant, integrated rate equations, and half-life (only for zero and first order reactions); concept of collision theory ( elementary idea, no mathematical treatment). Activation energy, Arrhenius equation.

UNIT  5

Surface Chemistry

• Adsorption-physisorption and chemisorption; factors affecting adsorption of gases on solids, catalysis homogeneous and heterogeneous, activity and selectivity: enzyme catalysis; colloidal state: the distinction between true solutions, colloids, and suspensions; lyophilic, lyophobic multimolecular and macromolecular colloids; properties of colloids; Tyndall effect, Brownian movement, electrophoresis, coagulation; emulsions- types of emulsions.

UNIT  6

General Principles and Processes of Isolation of Elements

• Principles and methods of extraction- concentration, oxidation, reduction electrolytic method, and refining; occurrence and principles of extraction of aluminum, copper, zinc, and iron.

UNIT  7

p- Block Elements

• Group 15 elements: General introduction, electronic configuration, occurrence, oxidation states, trends in physical and chemical properties; preparation and properties of ammonia and nitric acid, oxides of nitrogen (structure only); Phosphorous- allotropic forms; compounds of phosphorous: preparation and properties of phosphine, halides (PCl₃, PCl₅) and oxoacids (elementary idea only).

• Group 16 elements: General introduction, electronic configuration, oxidation states, occurrence, trends in physical and chemical properties; dioxygen: preparation, properties, and uses;  classification of oxides; ozone. Sulphur– allotropic forms; compounds of Sulphur: preparation, preparation, properties, and uses of Sulphur dioxide; sulphuric acid: industrial process of manufacture, properties and uses, oxoacids of Sulphur (structures only).

• Group 17 elements: General introduction, electronic configuration, oxidation states, occurrence, trends in physical and chemical properties; compounds of halogens: preparation, properties and uses of chlorine and hydrochloric acid, interhalogen compounds oxoacids of halogens (structures only).

• Group 18 elements: General introduction, electronic configuration, occurrence, trends in physical and chemical properties, uses.

UNIT  8

d and f Block Elements

• General introduction, electronic configuration, characteristics of transition metals, general trends in properties of the first-row transition metals- metallic character, ionization enthalpy, oxidation states, ionic radii, color, catalytic property, magnetic properties, interstitial compounds, alloy formation. Preparation and properties of K₂Cr₂O₇ and KMnO₄.
• Lanthanoids- electronic configuration, oxidation states, chemical reactivity, and lanthanoid contraction and its consequences.
• Actinoids: Electronic configuration, oxidation states, and comparison with lanthanoids.

UNIT  9

Coordination Compounds

• Coordination compounds: Introduction, ligands, coordination number, color, magnetic properties and shapes, IUPAC nomenclature of mononuclear coordination compounds, isomerism (structural and stereo) bonding, Werner’s theory VBT, CFT; the importance of coordination compounds (in qualitative analysis, biological systems).

UNIT 10

Haloalkanes and Haloarenes

• Haloalkanes: Nomenclature, nature of C –X bond, physical and chemical properties, mechanism of substitution reactions. Optical rotation.
• Haloarenes: Nature of C-X bond, substitution reactions (directive influence of halogen for monosubstituted compounds only).
• Uses and environmental effects of – dichloromethane, trichloromethane, tetrachloromethane, iodoform, freons, DDT.

UNIT 11

Alcohols, Phenols, and Ethers

• Alcohols: Nomenclature, methods of preparation, physical and chemical properties (of primary alcohols only); identification of primary, secondary and tertiary alcohols; mechanism of dehydration, uses with special reference to methanol and ethanol.

• Phenols: Nomenclature, methods of preparation, physical and chemical properties, acidic nature of phenol, electrophilic substitution reactions uses of phenols.

• Ethers: Nomenclature, methods of preparation, physical and chemical properties uses.

UNIT 12

Aldehydes, Ketones, and Carboxylic Acids

• Aldehydes and Ketones: Nomenclature, nature of carbonyl group, methods of preparation, physical and chemical properties; and mechanism of nucleophilic addition, the reactivity of alpha hydrogen in aldehydes; uses.

• Carboxylic Acids: Nomenclature, acidic nature, methods of preparation, physical and chemical
properties; uses.

UNIT 13

Organic Compounds Containing Nitrogen

• Amines: Nomenclature, classification, structure, methods of preparation, physical and chemical properties, uses, identification of primary secondary, and tertiary amines.
• Cyanides and Isocyanides- will be mentioned at relevant places. Diazonium salts: Preparation, chemical reactions, and importance in synthetic organic chemistry.

UNIT 14

Biomolecules

• Carbohydrates- Classification (aldoses and ketoses), monosaccharide (glucose and fructose), D.L. configuration, oligosaccharides (sucrose, lactose, maltose), polysaccharides (starch, cellulose, glycogen): importance.

• Proteins- Elementary idea of – amino acids, peptide bonds, polypeptides, proteins, primary structure, secondary structure, tertiary structure, and quaternary structure (qualitative idea only), denaturation of proteins; enzymes.

• Hormones- Elementary idea (excluding structure).

• Vitamins- Classification and function.

• Nucleic Acids: DNA and RNA

UNIT 15

Polymers

• Classification- Natural and synthetic, methods of polymerization (addition and condensation), copolymerization. Some important polymers: Natural and synthetic like polyesters, bakelite; rubber, and Biodegradable and non-biodegradable polymers.

UNIT 16

Chemistry in Everyday Life

• Chemicals in medicines- analgesics, tranquilizers, antiseptics, disinfectants, antimicrobials, antifertility drugs, antibiotics, antacids, antihistamines.

• Chemicals in food- preservatives, artificial sweetening agents, elementary idea of antioxidants.

• Cleansing agents- soaps and detergents, cleansing action.